Généalogie des familles MARTINEAU et POUZET

Achille Bernard COUSART (I1312) , 1825–1884 (aged 58 years)

Name
Achille Bernard /COUSART/
Given names
Achille Bernard
Surname
COUSART
 

Great-grandparents

generation +3 relationship coefficient: 12.5% (Biological great-grandparents)

Achille has 4 great-grandfathers and 4 great-grandmothers recorded (8 in total).

Grandparents

generation +2 relationship coefficient: 25.0% (Biological grandparents)

Achille has 3 grandfathers and 3 grandmothers recorded (6 in total).

Uncles and Aunts

generation +1 relationship coefficient: 25.0% (Full siblings of biological parents)

Achille has 1 uncle and 5 aunts recorded (6 in total).

Uncles and Aunts by marriage

generation +1 no blood relationship

Achille has 3 uncles by marriage and 1 aunt by marriage recorded (4 in total).

Siblings-in-law of father (1)

Sister Amélie Joseph COUSART (I3897)
1 Louis Joseph BONVARLET (I3898) 1774–1834

Parents

generation +1 relationship coefficient: 50.0% (Biological parents)

Achille has 1 father and 2 mothers recorded (3 in total).

Biological parents (2)

Partnership Charles Louis COUSART + Thérèse Célestine Charlotte Joseph PIGNATEL (F57)
1 Charles Louis COUSART (I725) 1777–1826
2 Thérèse Célestine Charlotte Joseph PIGNATEL (I727) 1786–1852

Parents-in-law

generation +1 no blood relationship

Achille has no parents-in-law recorded.

Co-parents-in-law

same generation no blood relationship

Achille has no co-parents-in-law recorded.

Partners

same generation no blood relationship

Achille has one female partner recorded.

Partner of Achille  (1)

1 Constance Joséphine Albertine LENOIR (I1719) 1826–1884

Partner chains

same generation no blood relationship

Achille has no members of a partner chain recorded.

Siblings

same generation relationship coefficient: 50.0% (Full siblings)

Achille has 3 brothers and 1 sister recorded (4 in total).

Full siblings (4)

Parents Charles Louis COUSART + Thérèse Célestine Charlotte Joseph PIGNATEL (F57)
1 Charles Louis COUSART (I105) 1818–1895
2 Louis Adrien René COUSART (I1192) 1820–
3 Charlotte Adèle Constance COUSART (I1101) 1822–1823
4 Private (I36)

Siblings-in-law

same generation no blood relationship

Achille has 3 sisters-in-law recorded.

Partners of siblings (3)

Brother Charles Louis COUSART (I105)
1 Louise Félicienne LAMARE (I106) 1821–1898
Sibling Private (I36)
1 Louise Élisabeth Léonide DUPRAY (I4147) 1837–1865
2 Virginie Véronique Jeannette DOMAISON (I3899) 1834–1891

Co-siblings-in-law

same generation no blood relationship

Achille has 3 co-brothers-in-law recorded.

Cousins

same generation relationship coefficient: 12.5% (Children of full siblings of biological parents)

Achille has 4 male first cousins and 1 female first cousin recorded (5 in total).

Nephews and Nieces

generation -1 relationship coefficient: 25.0% (Children of full siblings)

Achille has 2 nephews and 1 niece recorded (3 in total).

Children of siblings (3)

Brother Charles Louis COUSART (I105)
1 Private (I716)
2 Charles Auguste COUSART (I32) 1850–1883
Sibling Private (I36)
1 Private (I339)

Children

generation -1 relationship coefficient: 50.0% (Biological children)

Achille has no children recorded.

Children-in-law

generation -1 no blood relationship

Achille has no children-in-law recorded.

Grandchildren

generation -2 relationship coefficient: 25.0% (Biological grandchildren)

Achille has no grandchildren recorded.

Grandchildren-in-law

generation -2 no blood relationship

Achille has no grandchildren-in-law recorded.

Summary for the shown extended family

The extended family of Achille has 47 members (including Achille). (additional members of the partner chains are not counted)

Great-grandparents

generation +3 relationship coefficient: 12.5% (Biological great-grandparents)

Achille has 4 great-grandfathers recorded.

Grandparents

generation +2 relationship coefficient: 25.0% (Biological grandparents)

Achille has 3 grandfathers recorded.

Biological parents of father (1)

Marriage  Pierre Joseph COUSART + Marie Claire Josèphe PIETTE (F917)
1 Pierre Joseph COUSART (I1005) 1729–1808

Biological parents of mother (1)

Marriage  Antoine Joseph PIGNATEL + Thérèse Joseph GRONNIER (F919)
1 Antoine Joseph PIGNATEL (I1031) 1756–1808

Uncles and Aunts

generation +1 relationship coefficient: 25.0% (Full siblings of biological parents)

Achille has one uncle recorded.

Uncles and Aunts by marriage

generation +1 no blood relationship

Achille has 3 uncles by marriage recorded.

Siblings-in-law of father (1)

Sister Amélie Joseph COUSART (I3897)
1 Louis Joseph BONVARLET (I3898) 1774–1834

Parents

generation +1 relationship coefficient: 50.0% (Biological parents)

Achille has one father recorded.

Biological parents (1)

Partnership Charles Louis COUSART + Thérèse Célestine Charlotte Joseph PIGNATEL (F57)
1 Charles Louis COUSART (I725) 1777–1826

Parents-in-law

generation +1 no blood relationship

Achille has no parents-in-law recorded.

Co-parents-in-law

same generation no blood relationship

Achille has no co-parents-in-law recorded.

Partners

same generation no blood relationship

Achille has no partners recorded.

Partner chains

same generation no blood relationship

Achille has no members of a partner chain recorded.

Siblings

same generation relationship coefficient: 50.0% (Full siblings)

Achille has 3 brothers recorded.

Full siblings (3)

Parents Charles Louis COUSART + Thérèse Célestine Charlotte Joseph PIGNATEL (F57)
1 Charles Louis COUSART (I105) 1818–1895
2 Louis Adrien René COUSART (I1192) 1820–
3 Private (I36)

Siblings-in-law

same generation no blood relationship

Achille has no siblings-in-law recorded.

Co-siblings-in-law

same generation no blood relationship

Achille has 3 co-brothers-in-law recorded.

Cousins

same generation relationship coefficient: 12.5% (Children of full siblings of biological parents)

Achille has 4 male first cousins recorded.

Children of full siblings of father (1)

Parents Louis Joseph BONVARLET + Amélie Joseph COUSART (F994)
1 Désiré BONVARLET (I5260) 1807–

Nephews and Nieces

generation -1 relationship coefficient: 25.0% (Children of full siblings)

Achille has 2 nephews recorded.

Children of siblings (2)

Brother Charles Louis COUSART (I105)
1 Charles Auguste COUSART (I32) 1850–1883
Sibling Private (I36)
1 Private (I339)

Children

generation -1 relationship coefficient: 50.0% (Biological children)

Achille has no children recorded.

Children-in-law

generation -1 no blood relationship

Achille has no children-in-law recorded.

Grandchildren

generation -2 relationship coefficient: 25.0% (Biological grandchildren)

Achille has no grandchildren recorded.

Grandchildren-in-law

generation -2 no blood relationship

Achille has no grandchildren-in-law recorded.

Summary for the shown extended family

The extended family of Achille has 25 members (including Achille). (additional members of the partner chains are not counted)

Great-grandparents

generation +3 relationship coefficient: 12.5% (Biological great-grandparents)

Achille has 4 great-grandmothers recorded.

Grandparents

generation +2 relationship coefficient: 25.0% (Biological grandparents)

Achille has 3 grandmothers recorded.

Uncles and Aunts

generation +1 relationship coefficient: 25.0% (Full siblings of biological parents)

Achille has 5 aunts recorded.

Uncles and Aunts by marriage

generation +1 no blood relationship

Achille has one aunt by marriage recorded.

Parents

generation +1 relationship coefficient: 50.0% (Biological parents)

Achille has 2 mothers recorded.

Biological parents (1)

Partnership Charles Louis COUSART + Thérèse Célestine Charlotte Joseph PIGNATEL (F57)
1 Thérèse Célestine Charlotte Joseph PIGNATEL (I727) 1786–1852

Parents-in-law

generation +1 no blood relationship

Achille has no parents-in-law recorded.

Co-parents-in-law

same generation no blood relationship

Achille has no co-parents-in-law recorded.

Partners

same generation no blood relationship

Achille has one female partner recorded.

Partner of Achille  (1)

1 Constance Joséphine Albertine LENOIR (I1719) 1826–1884

Partner chains

same generation no blood relationship

Achille has no members of a partner chain recorded.

Siblings

same generation relationship coefficient: 50.0% (Full siblings)

Achille has one sister recorded.

Full siblings (1)

Parents Charles Louis COUSART + Thérèse Célestine Charlotte Joseph PIGNATEL (F57)
1 Charlotte Adèle Constance COUSART (I1101) 1822–1823

Siblings-in-law

same generation no blood relationship

Achille has 3 sisters-in-law recorded.

Partners of siblings (3)

Brother Charles Louis COUSART (I105)
1 Louise Félicienne LAMARE (I106) 1821–1898
Sibling Private (I36)
1 Louise Élisabeth Léonide DUPRAY (I4147) 1837–1865
2 Virginie Véronique Jeannette DOMAISON (I3899) 1834–1891

Co-siblings-in-law

same generation no blood relationship

Achille has no co-siblings-in-law recorded.

Cousins

same generation relationship coefficient: 12.5% (Children of full siblings of biological parents)

Achille has one female first cousin recorded.

Children of full siblings of father (1)

Parents Louis Joseph BONVARLET + Amélie Joseph COUSART (F994)
1 Émilie Josephine BONVARLET (I4140) 1805–

Nephews and Nieces

generation -1 relationship coefficient: 25.0% (Children of full siblings)

Achille has one niece recorded.

Children of siblings (1)

Brother Charles Louis COUSART (I105)
1 Private (I716)

Children

generation -1 relationship coefficient: 50.0% (Biological children)

Achille has no children recorded.

Children-in-law

generation -1 no blood relationship

Achille has no children-in-law recorded.

Grandchildren

generation -2 relationship coefficient: 25.0% (Biological grandchildren)

Achille has no grandchildren recorded.

Grandchildren-in-law

generation -2 no blood relationship

Achille has no grandchildren-in-law recorded.

Summary for the shown extended family

The extended family of Achille has 23 members (including Achille). (additional members of the partner chains are not counted)

No family available

No family available

Great-grandparents

generation +3 relationship coefficient: 12.5% (Biological great-grandparents)

Achille has 4 great-grandfathers and 4 great-grandmothers recorded (8 in total).

Grandparents

generation +2 relationship coefficient: 25.0% (Biological grandparents)

Achille has 3 grandfathers and 3 grandmothers recorded (6 in total).

Uncles and Aunts

generation +1 relationship coefficient: 25.0% (Full siblings of biological parents)

Achille has 1 uncle and 5 aunts recorded (6 in total).

Uncles and Aunts by marriage

generation +1 no blood relationship

Achille has 3 uncles by marriage and 1 aunt by marriage recorded (4 in total).

Siblings-in-law of father (1)

Sister Amélie Joseph COUSART (I3897)
1 Louis Joseph BONVARLET (I3898) 1774–1834

Parents

generation +1 relationship coefficient: 50.0% (Biological parents)

Achille has 1 father and 2 mothers recorded (3 in total).

Biological parents (2)

Partnership Charles Louis COUSART + Thérèse Célestine Charlotte Joseph PIGNATEL (F57)
1 Charles Louis COUSART (I725) 1777–1826
2 Thérèse Célestine Charlotte Joseph PIGNATEL (I727) 1786–1852

Parents-in-law

generation +1 no blood relationship

Achille has no parents-in-law recorded.

Co-parents-in-law

same generation no blood relationship

Achille has no co-parents-in-law recorded.

Partners

same generation no blood relationship

Achille has one female partner recorded.

Partner of Achille  (1)

1 Constance Joséphine Albertine LENOIR (I1719) 1826–1884

Partner chains

same generation no blood relationship

Achille has no members of a partner chain recorded.

Siblings

same generation relationship coefficient: 50.0% (Full siblings)

Achille has 3 brothers and 1 sister recorded (4 in total).

Full siblings (4)

Parents Charles Louis COUSART + Thérèse Célestine Charlotte Joseph PIGNATEL (F57)
1 Charles Louis COUSART (I105) 1818–1895
2 Louis Adrien René COUSART (I1192) 1820–
3 Charlotte Adèle Constance COUSART (I1101) 1822–1823
4 Private (I36)

Siblings-in-law

same generation no blood relationship

Achille has 3 sisters-in-law recorded.

Partners of siblings (3)

Brother Charles Louis COUSART (I105)
1 Louise Félicienne LAMARE (I106) 1821–1898
Sibling Private (I36)
1 Louise Élisabeth Léonide DUPRAY (I4147) 1837–1865
2 Virginie Véronique Jeannette DOMAISON (I3899) 1834–1891

Co-siblings-in-law

same generation no blood relationship

Achille has 3 co-brothers-in-law recorded.

Cousins

same generation relationship coefficient: 12.5% (Children of full siblings of biological parents)

Achille has 4 male first cousins and 1 female first cousin recorded (5 in total).

Nephews and Nieces

generation -1 relationship coefficient: 25.0% (Children of full siblings)

Achille has 2 nephews and 1 niece recorded (3 in total).

Children of siblings (3)

Brother Charles Louis COUSART (I105)
1 Private (I716)
2 Charles Auguste COUSART (I32) 1850–1883
Sibling Private (I36)
1 Private (I339)

Children

generation -1 relationship coefficient: 50.0% (Biological children)

Achille has no children recorded.

Children-in-law

generation -1 no blood relationship

Achille has no children-in-law recorded.

Grandchildren

generation -2 relationship coefficient: 25.0% (Biological grandchildren)

Achille has no grandchildren recorded.

Grandchildren-in-law

generation -2 no blood relationship

Achille has no grandchildren-in-law recorded.

Summary for the shown extended family

The extended family of Achille has 47 members (including Achille). (additional members of the partner chains are not counted)

No family available

Great-grandparents

generation +3 relationship coefficient: 12.5% (Biological great-grandparents)

Achille has 4 great-grandfathers recorded.

Grandparents

generation +2 relationship coefficient: 25.0% (Biological grandparents)

Achille has 3 grandfathers recorded.

Biological parents of father (1)

Marriage  Pierre Joseph COUSART + Marie Claire Josèphe PIETTE (F917)
1 Pierre Joseph COUSART (I1005) 1729–1808

Biological parents of mother (1)

Marriage  Antoine Joseph PIGNATEL + Thérèse Joseph GRONNIER (F919)
1 Antoine Joseph PIGNATEL (I1031) 1756–1808

Uncles and Aunts

generation +1 relationship coefficient: 25.0% (Full siblings of biological parents)

Achille has one uncle recorded.

Uncles and Aunts by marriage

generation +1 no blood relationship

Achille has 3 uncles by marriage recorded.

Siblings-in-law of father (1)

Sister Amélie Joseph COUSART (I3897)
1 Louis Joseph BONVARLET (I3898) 1774–1834

Parents

generation +1 relationship coefficient: 50.0% (Biological parents)

Achille has one father recorded.

Biological parents (1)

Partnership Charles Louis COUSART + Thérèse Célestine Charlotte Joseph PIGNATEL (F57)
1 Charles Louis COUSART (I725) 1777–1826

Parents-in-law

generation +1 no blood relationship

Achille has no parents-in-law recorded.

Co-parents-in-law

same generation no blood relationship

Achille has no co-parents-in-law recorded.

Partners

same generation no blood relationship

Achille has no partners recorded.

Partner chains

same generation no blood relationship

Achille has no members of a partner chain recorded.

Siblings

same generation relationship coefficient: 50.0% (Full siblings)

Achille has 3 brothers recorded.

Full siblings (3)

Parents Charles Louis COUSART + Thérèse Célestine Charlotte Joseph PIGNATEL (F57)
1 Charles Louis COUSART (I105) 1818–1895
2 Louis Adrien René COUSART (I1192) 1820–
3 Private (I36)

Siblings-in-law

same generation no blood relationship

Achille has no siblings-in-law recorded.

Co-siblings-in-law

same generation no blood relationship

Achille has 3 co-brothers-in-law recorded.

Cousins

same generation relationship coefficient: 12.5% (Children of full siblings of biological parents)

Achille has 4 male first cousins recorded.

Children of full siblings of father (1)

Parents Louis Joseph BONVARLET + Amélie Joseph COUSART (F994)
1 Désiré BONVARLET (I5260) 1807–

Nephews and Nieces

generation -1 relationship coefficient: 25.0% (Children of full siblings)

Achille has 2 nephews recorded.

Children of siblings (2)

Brother Charles Louis COUSART (I105)
1 Charles Auguste COUSART (I32) 1850–1883
Sibling Private (I36)
1 Private (I339)

Children

generation -1 relationship coefficient: 50.0% (Biological children)

Achille has no children recorded.

Children-in-law

generation -1 no blood relationship

Achille has no children-in-law recorded.

Grandchildren

generation -2 relationship coefficient: 25.0% (Biological grandchildren)

Achille has no grandchildren recorded.

Grandchildren-in-law

generation -2 no blood relationship

Achille has no grandchildren-in-law recorded.

Summary for the shown extended family

The extended family of Achille has 25 members (including Achille). (additional members of the partner chains are not counted)

No family available

Great-grandparents

generation +3 relationship coefficient: 12.5% (Biological great-grandparents)

Achille has 4 great-grandmothers recorded.

Grandparents

generation +2 relationship coefficient: 25.0% (Biological grandparents)

Achille has 3 grandmothers recorded.

Uncles and Aunts

generation +1 relationship coefficient: 25.0% (Full siblings of biological parents)

Achille has 5 aunts recorded.

Uncles and Aunts by marriage

generation +1 no blood relationship

Achille has one aunt by marriage recorded.

Parents

generation +1 relationship coefficient: 50.0% (Biological parents)

Achille has 2 mothers recorded.

Biological parents (1)

Partnership Charles Louis COUSART + Thérèse Célestine Charlotte Joseph PIGNATEL (F57)
1 Thérèse Célestine Charlotte Joseph PIGNATEL (I727) 1786–1852

Parents-in-law

generation +1 no blood relationship

Achille has no parents-in-law recorded.

Co-parents-in-law

same generation no blood relationship

Achille has no co-parents-in-law recorded.

Partners

same generation no blood relationship

Achille has one female partner recorded.

Partner of Achille  (1)

1 Constance Joséphine Albertine LENOIR (I1719) 1826–1884

Partner chains

same generation no blood relationship

Achille has no members of a partner chain recorded.

Siblings

same generation relationship coefficient: 50.0% (Full siblings)

Achille has one sister recorded.

Full siblings (1)

Parents Charles Louis COUSART + Thérèse Célestine Charlotte Joseph PIGNATEL (F57)
1 Charlotte Adèle Constance COUSART (I1101) 1822–1823

Siblings-in-law

same generation no blood relationship

Achille has 3 sisters-in-law recorded.

Partners of siblings (3)

Brother Charles Louis COUSART (I105)
1 Louise Félicienne LAMARE (I106) 1821–1898
Sibling Private (I36)
1 Louise Élisabeth Léonide DUPRAY (I4147) 1837–1865
2 Virginie Véronique Jeannette DOMAISON (I3899) 1834–1891

Co-siblings-in-law

same generation no blood relationship

Achille has no co-siblings-in-law recorded.

Cousins

same generation relationship coefficient: 12.5% (Children of full siblings of biological parents)

Achille has one female first cousin recorded.

Children of full siblings of father (1)

Parents Louis Joseph BONVARLET + Amélie Joseph COUSART (F994)
1 Émilie Josephine BONVARLET (I4140) 1805–

Nephews and Nieces

generation -1 relationship coefficient: 25.0% (Children of full siblings)

Achille has one niece recorded.

Children of siblings (1)

Brother Charles Louis COUSART (I105)
1 Private (I716)

Children

generation -1 relationship coefficient: 50.0% (Biological children)

Achille has no children recorded.

Children-in-law

generation -1 no blood relationship

Achille has no children-in-law recorded.

Grandchildren

generation -2 relationship coefficient: 25.0% (Biological grandchildren)

Achille has no grandchildren recorded.

Grandchildren-in-law

generation -2 no blood relationship

Achille has no grandchildren-in-law recorded.

Summary for the shown extended family

The extended family of Achille has 23 members (including Achille). (additional members of the partner chains are not counted)

No family available

No family available

Descendants of Achille Bernard COUSART (I1312)

  1. Generation 1

    1. Achille Bernard COUSART (I1312), commis négociant (on November 27, 1850), caissier (on July 11, 1856), propriétaire (on March 2, 1870), directeur de verrerie (on February 26, 1872) and chef de comptabilité (on May 24, 1884), son of Charles Louis COUSART (I725) and Thérèse Célestine Charlotte Joseph PIGNATEL (I727), was born on October 22, 1825 in Douai 59178, Nord, Hauts-de-France, France and died on May 24, 1884 in Douai 59178, Nord, Hauts-de-France, France at the age of 58.

      He married Constance Joséphine Albertine LENOIR (I1719) on November 27, 1850 in Douai 59178, Nord, Hauts-de-France, France. She was born on August 8, 1826 in Douai 59178, Nord, Hauts-de-France, France and died after May 24, 1884.

      Achille Bernard COUSART (I1312) and Constance Joséphine Albertine LENOIR (I1719) had none children.

Ancestors of Achille Bernard COUSART (I1312)

  1. Generation 1

    1. Achille Bernard COUSART (I1312), commis négociant (on November 27, 1850), caissier (on July 11, 1856), propriétaire (on March 2, 1870), directeur de verrerie (on February 26, 1872) and chef de comptabilité (on May 24, 1884), son of Charles Louis COUSART (I725) and Thérèse Célestine Charlotte Joseph PIGNATEL (I727), was born on October 22, 1825 in Douai 59178, Nord, Hauts-de-France, France and died on May 24, 1884 in Douai 59178, Nord, Hauts-de-France, France at the age of 58.

  2. Generation 2 back to top
      2 of 2 individuals (100% complete).

    1. Charles Louis COUSART (I725), sous-lieutenant en non activité (between September 16, 1816 and December 10, 1826), son of Pierre Joseph COUSART (I1005) and Marie Claire Josèphe PIETTE (I1010), was born on October 31, 1777 in Paroisse Saint-Pierre, Douai 59178, Nord, Hauts-de-France, France and died on December 10, 1826 in Douai 59178, Nord, Hauts-de-France, France at the age of 49.

    2. Thérèse Célestine Charlotte Joseph PIGNATEL (I727), propriétaire (between May 26, 1817 and May 4, 1852) and rentière (on November 27, 1850), daughter of Antoine Joseph PIGNATEL (I1031) and Thérèse Joseph GRONNIER (I1036), was born on July 24, 1786 in Paroisse Saint-Étienne, Lille 59350, Nord, Hauts-de-France, France and died on May 4, 1852 in Douai 59178, Nord, Hauts-de-France, France at the age of 65.

  3. Generation 3 back to top
      4 of 4 individuals (100% complete).

    1. Pierre Joseph COUSART (I1005), marchand (between August 13, 1775 and November 1, 1777), marchand de vin (on June 15, 1802) and Égard aux vivres (on March 22, 1808), son of Charles Louis COUSART (I4028) and Marie Françoise LAMPE (I4029), was born about April 9, 1729 in Leers 59339, Nord, Hauts-de-France, France and died on March 22, 1808 in Douai 59178, Nord, Hauts-de-France, France.

    2. Marie Claire Josèphe PIETTE (I1010), marchande (before April 4, 1814), daughter of Jacques Gille PIETTE (I3895) and Jeanne Marie CARLIER (I3896), was born on March 13, 1744 in Avesnes-sur-Helpe 59036, Nord, Hauts-de-France, France and died on April 4, 1814 in Douai 59178, Nord, Hauts-de-France, France at the age of 70.

    3. Antoine Joseph PIGNATEL (I1031), marchand (on May 4, 1779), maître tailleur (between July 16, 1783 and July 24, 1786) and marchand (between June 17, 1788 and October 8, 1808), son of Henri Vincent PINATEL (I1217) and Marie Magdelaine Joseph DUPUIS (I1260), was born on May 5, 1756 in Paroisse Saint-Étienne, Lille 59350, Nord, Hauts-de-France, France and died on October 8, 1808 in Lille 59350, Nord, Hauts-de-France, France at the age of 52.

    4. Thérèse Joseph GRONNIER (I1036), daughter of Claude GRONIER (I1722) and Marie Adélaïde HORACE (I3953), was born on May 6, 1758 in Paroisse Saint-Jacques, Douai 59178, Nord, Hauts-de-France, France and died on March 25, 1797 in Lille 59350, Nord, Hauts-de-France, France at the age of 38.

Read more
© Martineau-Schilling 2007-2023 - All rights reserved. Tous droits réservés.